Frostbite is caused by the restriction of blood circulation due to extreme cold. The beginning of frostbite is not necessarily painful but is seen by telltale white spots. Cheeks, nose, and ears are the most vulnerable. Always keep ears covered and wear a facemask in below-freezing weather. It helps to “make a face” to stimulate circulation. To treat frostbite, slowly warm the affected area by holding a warm, bare hand against it. Keep moving, find shelter, or build a fire – but do not sit too close to the fire. Rapid thawing of frostbite can cause inflammation and even gangrene. Rubbing frostbitten flesh may damage frozen tissues. Never rub snow on frostbite. Never drink alcohol to warm you up – alcohol restricts blood circulation. Drink some other non-alcoholic hot beverage instead.